{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:36:23Z","timestamp":1782318983571,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To investigate relationships between the intraocular concentrations of heparin\u2010binding epidermal growth factor (HB\u2010EGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF\u2010A) in dependence on axial length in humans.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Clinical interventional cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n Patients with cataract who underwent routine cataract surgery. Inclusion criterion was the absence of any retinal or optic nerve disease except for myopic macular degeneration (MMD) without myopic choroidal neovascularization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Using a Luminex system, we measured the concentrations of HB\u2010EGF, EGF and VEGF\u2010A in aqueous humour samples taken from patients during cataract surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n Intracameral concentration of EGF, HB\u2010EGF and VEGF; Axial length.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The study included 68 patients (age: 61.1\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u2009years; range: 44\u201385\u2009years) with a mean axial length of 27.11\u2009\u00b1\u20093.11\u2009mm (range: 22.09\u201335.64\u2009mm). The HB\u2010EGF concentration (mean: 3.17\u2009\u00b1\u20090.99\u2009pg\/mL) increased with longer axial length (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.43;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and was not associated with age (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.10) and intracameral EGF concentration (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.22). The EGF concentration (mean: 0.22\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12\u2009pg\/mL) increased with longer axial length (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.35;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.004) and higher prevalence of advanced MMD (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.35;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.008) and was not associated with age (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.28) and intracameral VEGF\u2010A concentration (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.09). The VEGF\u2010A concentration (mean: 118\u2009\u00b1\u2009150\u2009pg\/mL) decreased with longer axial length (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.54;\n p\u2009<<\/jats:italic>\n \u20090.001), higher intracameral concentration of HB\u2010EGF (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.26;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.03) and lower MMD prevalence (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.31;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.02) and was not associated with age (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.47) and intracameral EGF concentration (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.09).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n With the concentrations of HB\u2010EGF and EGF increasing with longer axial length, the study supports a potential role of the EGFR signalling pathway activation in human axial myopia. The inverse relationship between VEGF\u2010A concentration and longer axial length agrees with a protective effect of axial myopia against diabetic retinopathy and age\u2010related macular degeneration.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.17504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:51:06Z","timestamp":1745023866000},"page":"919-928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Aqueous humour concentrations of\n HB<\/scp>\n \u2010\n EGF<\/scp>\n ,\n EGF<\/scp>\n and\n VEGF<\/scp>\n \u2010A and axial length in humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Wen\u2010Da","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumour Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0120-5756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumour Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Hang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumour Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han\u2010Qing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumour Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui\u2010Heng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumour Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2972-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jost B.","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothschild Foundation Hospital Institute Fran\u00e7ais de Myopie Paris France"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Center Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Privatpraxis Prof Jonas Und Dr. Panda\u2010Jonas Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing China"},{"name":"New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2386-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen\u2010Bin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumour Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 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