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This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal development of visual acuity (VA) in children born EPT, explore the predictive value of early visual assessments, and evaluate risk factors for visual impairment at the age of 12\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 462 children born EPT in Sweden during April 2004\u2013March 2007, and surviving to age 6.5\u2009years, and full\u2010term born matched controls were invited to participate in the 12\u2010year follow\u2010up. VA was assessed at 12\u2009years and the results were compared with values at 2.5 and 6.5\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At age 12, 332 (72%) EPT survivors and 189 controls were examined. The mean VA in the EPT group was lower than in the control group (1.15, 95%CI [1.12\u20131.19] vs. 1.33, 95% CI [1.29\u20131.37]). Fifteen (4.5%) EPT had visual impairment. The examination at age 2.5 failed to identify most of them, while the examination at 6.5 could predict the final visual outcome at 12. Risk factors for visual impairment were low gestational age, moderate and severe intraventricular haemorrhage, treatment\u2010requiring retinopathy of prematurity, cerebral palsy, and cognitive disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this national cohort, the VA outcome at age 12 was lower in children born EPT than full\u2010term controls. As eye examination at 2.5\u2009years did not reliably identify visual impairment, clinical risk factors should be considered in the screening of children born EPT to early identify the visually impaired.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.17525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T07:16:54Z","timestamp":1747725414000},"page":"65-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Visual acuity outcomes up to 12\u2009years and risk factors for visual impairment in a national cohort of extremely preterm born children \u2013 The Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study (\n                    <scp>EXPRESS<\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0197-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Tsamadou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology \u00d6rebro University Hospital  \u00d6rebro Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Clinical Sciences University of Lund  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Al\u2010Hawasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9259-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Hellstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5600-7186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"Holmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences\/Ophthalmology Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Pedrosa\u2010Domell\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Tornqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Skane University Hospital Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Kjellstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Skane University Hospital Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa B.","family":"Thorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hellstr\u00f6m\u2010Westas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ohlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"\u00c5d\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Hellgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"AAPOS. n.d. 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