{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T11:06:45Z","timestamp":1783854405388,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005760","name":"G\u00f6teborgs Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metal welding generates ultraviolet radiation (UVR) of cataractogenic wavelengths, and UVR emitted during welding has been associated with cataract formation, but results from prior studies are conflicting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of epidemiological studies addressing associations between occupational metal welding and cataract. The literature search was conducted on November 15, 2023, across seven literature databases. Studies comparing age\u2010adjusted occurrence of cataract among welders and control groups were included. Two reviewers extracted data, which were combined using random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified nine studies with a total of 5165 welders and 513\u2009026 controls. There was considerable heterogeneity among studies (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistics: 39), and possible publication bias in favour of higher risk estimates. Stratified meta\u2010analyses revealed a summary OR of 1.22 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093, 95% CI 0.79\u20131.90;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.374) for cataract among welders in high\u2010income countries, whereas the OR was 2.95 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099, 95% CI 1.68\u20135.19;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00017) in lower\u2010middle\u2010income countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increased risk of cataract among welders was found in studies from lower\u2010middle\u2010income countries, but not in studies from high\u2010income countries. The disparity could reflect differences in occupational safety adherence and study methodology and may also involve effect modification by cumulative solar UVR. Although a causal link between UVR from metal welding and cataract is biologically plausible, epidemiological evidence is still limited. More studies are needed to quantify the exact risk of cataract among welders in various populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.70066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T10:30:57Z","timestamp":1769509857000},"page":"486-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occupational exposure to metal welding and cataract: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6620-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Bjerager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet  Glostrup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esben Meulengracht","family":"Flachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Nissen","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet  Glostrup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Peter Ellekilde","family":"Bonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Sivesind","family":"Mehlum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI)  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Society University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stinna","family":"Skaaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10773525.2016.1228287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Cataract","volume":"2","author":"Allen D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Clinical Evidence"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"American Welding Society. (2014)Safety and health fact sheet No. 26: Arc viewing distance."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/j.0976-5506.5.2.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070010379027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203724666230106161436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Recognition of health hazards in industry: a review of materials and processes","author":"Burgess W.A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effect of chronic exposure to welding light on Calabar welders","volume":"22","author":"Davies K.G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198102000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16790"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30255-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"IARC monograph: volume 118: welding, molybdenum trioxide, and indium tin oxide","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200408000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283414f50"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Risks of cataract in metal arc welders in Kishanganj, Bihar","volume":"4","author":"Kumari R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqs034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2018.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000259903.64054.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-02961-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1880_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.01-1221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3572"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Welding arc time and UV exposure: implications for worker safety","volume":"24","author":"Tenkate T.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health and Safety \u2013 Australia and New Zealand"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.1999.14.4.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3630"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"The Danish Labour Market Insurance. (n.d.)The Danish Labour Market Insurance.https:\/\/www.aes.dk\/love\u2010og\u2010praksis\/erhvervssygdomsfortegnelsen"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"The World Bank. (2022)World Bank Development Indicators."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"Protecting workers from ultraviolet radiation","author":"Vecchia P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"Wells G. Shea B. O'Connell D. Peterson J. Welch V. Losos M.et\u00a0al. (n.d.)The Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta\u2010analyses."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701423151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2014)Visual impairment and blindness. Fact Sheet (282)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"Work Environment in Denmark. (n.d.)Arbejdsmilj\u00f8 i tal.https:\/\/at.dk\/arbejdsmiljoe\u2010i\u2010tal\/"}],"container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aos.70066","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aos.70066","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aos.70066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T10:17:56Z","timestamp":1783851476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aos.70066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aos.70066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.70066","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-375X","1755-3768"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-375X","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-3768","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}