{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T17:00:48Z","timestamp":1786467648632,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010133","name":"Aarne Koskelon S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004212","name":"P\u00e4ivikki ja Sakari Sohlbergin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004212","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015738","name":"Mary och Georg C. Ehrnrooths Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013511","name":"Silm\u00e4s\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age\u2010related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of central vision loss in the elderly; however, the systemic factors that modulate its incidence and progression remain unclear. We sought to determine whether long\u2010term use of systemic medications, including diabetes and antithrombotic medications, corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, is associated with the development of AMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data included a pooled cohort of two follow\u2010up studies: the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study and the Kuopio Fall Prevention Study. A total of 16\u2009518 women born between 1932 and 1946 living in eastern Finland were followed up between 1993 and 2021. The long\u2010term medication use was indicated as \u22655\u2009years of regular purchase of drugs. Incidence for AMD was analysed per long\u2010term medication group, but also during the 5\u2009years period in age matched groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed increased odds for AMD among long\u2010term users of systemic corticosteroids (HR 1.348,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), immunosuppressants (HR 1.623,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) and antithrombotic (HR 1.145,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042) medication. However, results with antithrombotic medications were not as consistent as with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Interestingly, the mean age at diagnosis of AMD was later among antithrombotic medication users compared to the control group (77.9 vs. 76.1, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and earlier among patients using other diabetes medications than metformin (75.3 vs. 77.1,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with long\u2010term corticosteroid and immunosuppressant use are at greater risk for developing AMD. Further research on systemic components behind corticosteroid and immunosuppressant use, modulating AMD progression, is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.70113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:09:21Z","timestamp":1772996961000},"page":"674-681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of systemic long\u2010term medications for the development of age\u2010related macular degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Heloter\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reijo","family":"Sund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Rikkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit (KMRU) University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Kaarniranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio 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