{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:07:08Z","timestamp":1779883628801,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013278","name":"EU Joint Programme \u2013 Neurodegenerative Disease Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPND2022\u2010120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPND2022\u2010120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["335720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004012","name":"Jane ja Aatos Erkon S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JAES 1& 210043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JAES 1& 210043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004012","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physiological pulsations driven by cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor activity are essential for solute transport within perivascular and perineural cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways that support brain and eye clearance systems. Previous studies have shown that parasympathetic blockade significantly reduces ocular pulsation power and induces systemic alterations in cerebral pulsations, but the connecting mechanism has been uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We first investigated classical cross\u2010correlation (CC) strength and lag values between brain and eye regions of interest (ROIs) and then examined the phase\u2010based relationship between their physiological pulsations. We further assessed how this relationship is affected by topical parasympathetic blockade using tropicamide. Functional magnetic resonance eye imaging (fMREye) data were analysed from 46 healthy volunteers, with and without topical tropicamide. Static correlation analysis and dynamic phase transfer entropy (dPTE) served to quantify directional interactions across three physiological frequency bands: very\u2010low\u2010frequency (VLF), respiratory (RESP), and cardiac (CARD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, CC analysis revealed the strongest correlations in the CARD and RESP bands, particularly between peri\u2010optic CSF and interpeduncular cisterns. With tropicamide, CC values were significantly higher in most connections. VLF correlations were weaker and remained mostly unchanged. Constant lag analysis revealed unphysiologically long lags. However, the deeper dynamic phase analysis revealed previously unforeseen low\u2010frequency oscillations in the phases between the pulsations. The directional dPTE showed a near\u2010zero net information transfer and a faint predilection for CARD pulsation directed from the eye towards the brain. Tropicamide administration significantly reduced bidirectional brain\u2010eye information flow, with a visually greater reduction in the eye\u2010to\u2010brain direction. This was accompanied by significant alterations in phase dynamics, including a reversal in CARD\u2013RESP directionality, indicating a shift in temporal precedence between frequency components, and higher CARD\u2013VLF coupling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The brain\u2010eye pulsation connections express highly dynamic bi\u2010directionality with frequency dependent net information transfer partly modulated by (para)sympathetic activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:33:49Z","timestamp":1779881629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phase coupling between eye and brain pulsations is bidirectional and modulated by the parasympathetic system \u2013 An\n                    <scp>fMREye<\/scp>\n                    study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-7017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahimi","family":"Seyed\u2010Mohsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional Neuroimaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Health Science and Technology (HST), Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e4yrynen","family":"Tommi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional Neuroimaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Health Science and Technology (HST), Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huotari","family":"Niko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional Neuroimaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Health Science and Technology (HST), Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3189-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saarela","family":"Ville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital; 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