{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:08:17Z","timestamp":1777367297725,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000761","name":"Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory sensation is highly functional early in human neonatal life, with studies suggesting that odours can influence behaviour and infant\u2013mother bonding. Due to its good spatial properties, blood oxygen level\u2013dependent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content>) contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>) has the potential to rapidly advance our understanding of the neural activity which underlies the development of olfactory perception in this key period. We aimed to design an \u2018olfactometer\u2019 specifically for use with neonatal subjects for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> studies of odour perception.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We describe a fully automated and programmable, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> compatible system capable of presenting odorant liquids. To prevent contamination of the system and minimize between\u2010subject infective risk, the majority of the olfactometer is constructed from single\u2010use, readily available clinical equipment. The system was used to present the odour of infant formula milk in a validation group of seven neonatal subjects at term equivalent postmenstrual age (median age 40\u00a0weeks).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A safe, reliable and reproducible pattern of stimulation was delivered leading to well\u2010localized positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content> functional responses in the piriform cortex, amygdala, thalamus, insular cortex and cerebellum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The described system is therefore suitable for detailed studies of the ontology of olfactory sensation and perception during early human brain development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,22]],"date-time":"2013-06-22T11:16:42Z","timestamp":1371899802000},"page":"868-875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Computer\u2010controlled stimulation for functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of the neonatal olfactory system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Arichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain Division of Imaging Sciences &amp; Biomedical Engineering Kings College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK"},{"name":"MRC Clinical Sciences Centre Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital London UK"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Gordon\u2010Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Clinical Sciences Centre Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Allievi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AM","family":"Groves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain Division of Imaging Sciences &amp; Biomedical Engineering Kings College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Burdet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AD","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain Division of Imaging Sciences &amp; 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