{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1781684063634,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]],"date-time":"2015-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Physicans' Services Incorporated (PSI) Foundation","award":["10-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010flow nasal cannulae (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFNC<\/jats:styled-content>) are increasingly used for respiratory management of preterm infants. However, their ability to provide support compared to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content>) has been questioned. We compared the effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFNC<\/jats:styled-content> versus nasal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content> on diaphragm electrical activity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content>di) in preterm infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm infants \u22641500\u00a0g were randomised in a crossover design to receive 2\u00a0hours of either Infant Flow<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content>) at 5\u20136\u00a0cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFNC<\/jats:styled-content> with the flow rate adjusted to achieve an equivalent pharyngeal pressure. A feeding catheter with miniaturised sensors was inserted for continuous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content>di measurement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study comprised ten infants. Physiologic parameters and oxygen requirements were not different between the two modes. However, seven infants demonstrated a higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content>di peak and six showed a higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content>di tonic on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFNC<\/jats:styled-content>, even though the mean group data showed no difference between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFNC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content>. Neural inspiratory time was significantly longer with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFNC<\/jats:styled-content> than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content> (0.55\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.11 versus 0.48\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06\u00a0seconds, p\u00a0=\u00a00.018).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cohort of preterm infants, the majority exhibited greater diaphragm activation, as assessed by neural breathing patterns, when supported with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFNC<\/jats:styled-content> than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content>, suggesting that nasal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPAP<\/jats:styled-content> may provide more effective respiratory support.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T05:50:52Z","timestamp":1426053052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["High\u2010flow nasal cannulae are associated with increased diaphragm activation compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Nehad","family":"Nasef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women and Babies Program Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas","family":"El\u2010Gouhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women and Babies Program Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patti","family":"Schurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women and Babies Program Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women and Babies Program Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science Department of Critical Care St. Michael's Hospital Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women and Babies Program Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology Department of Paediatrics University of Toronto Toronto 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