{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T13:03:20Z","timestamp":1754399000940},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study assessed correlations between systemic disturbances of paediatric chronic liver diseases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content>) and oral symptoms in subjects aged 2\u201318\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was carried out during outpatient appointments at the Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland, from 2010 to 2015 and comprised 52 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content> patients with a mean age of 12.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.6. We also recruited 54 generally healthy controls with a mean age of 12.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.7 from the Department of Paediatric Dentistry at the Medical University of Warsaw. The study used various measures, including the Child\u2013Pugh score, which assesses <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content> prognosis. We also assessed the causes of liver disease and the medication taken by the patients with CLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 24 patients received a Child\u2013Pugh score of seven or more points, while 28 patients were awarded five or six points. More severe cases of gingivitis and a greater prevalence of oral lesions were evident in patients suffering from liver disease. Oral candidiasis, telangiectasia, bald tongue, cracked strawberry lip, yellowish\u2010brown gum discoloration, petechiae and gingival bleeding all correlated with the severity of liver dysfunction, coagulopathy, protein, bilirubin and creatinine levels and portal hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study found that oral lesions and gingival bleeding may indicate the progression of liver failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T11:46:23Z","timestamp":1514979983000},"page":"886-892","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oral mucosa lesions and gingival bleeding can indicate the progression of\u00a0liver disease in children and adolescents aged two to 18\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Dorota","family":"Olczak\u2010Kowalczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Dentistry Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Krasuska\u2010S\u0142awi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Oral Surgery Children's Memorial Health Institute Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Gozdowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Statistics and Bioinformatics Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice Warsaw 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