{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:11:55Z","timestamp":1784164315502,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid hormones are crucial for foetal and neonatal brain development. This paper provides an overview of the normal role of thyroid hormones in foetal brain development and the pathophysiology of transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THOP<\/jats:styled-content>). It also discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic controversies around <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THOP<\/jats:styled-content> and looks at directions for future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used the PubMed and Embase databases to identify papers published in English from 1969 to June 2018. This identified 20 papers about the impact of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THOP<\/jats:styled-content> on neurodevelopment and seven randomised controlled trials about therapeutic approaches from 1981\u20132016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THOP<\/jats:styled-content> has been researched for more than three decades. The impact of temporarily low thyroxine levels, without any increase in pituitary\u2010secreted thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone at a critical timeframe in an infant's brain development, is still debated. Heterogeneity in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THOP<\/jats:styled-content> definitions, difficulties with thyroid hormone assessment, identifying patients at risk and a clear lack of sufficiently powered studies add to the current controversy. There are indications that thyroid hormone substitution might be useful in extremely low gestational age neonates with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THOP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some preterm infants could benefit from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THOP<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, but more studies are needed to clarify further treatment strategies, including the optimal timing of initiation and duration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,8]],"date-time":"2018-12-08T06:09:04Z","timestamp":1544249344000},"page":"792-805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Review shows that thyroid hormone substitution could benefit transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity but treatment strategies need to be 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