{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:42:46Z","timestamp":1785822166547,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005492","name":"Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early life adversity leads to enduring effects on physical and mental health, school performance and other outcomes. We sought to identify potentially modifiable factors associated with socioeconomic adversity in early life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 1503 pregnant women aged 16\u201340\u00a0years, without pregnancy complications or pre\u2010existing conditions from Shelby County, Tennessee. Social, familial and economic variables were analysed using principal components (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PC<\/jats:styled-content>s) analyses to generate the Socioeconomic Adversity Index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAI<\/jats:styled-content>). This was replicated using the National Survey of Children's Health (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSCH<\/jats:styled-content>). Health and social outcomes were compared across the quintile groups defined by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAI<\/jats:styled-content> values at the county, state and national levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences occurred across the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAI<\/jats:styled-content> Quintile\u20101 to Quintile\u20105 groups in marital status, household structure, annual income, education and health insurance. Significantly worse health and social outcomes occurred in the lower versus higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAI<\/jats:styled-content> quintiles, including maternal depression, parental incarceration, child's birthweight and potential for child abuse. Maternal age and race also differed significantly across the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAI<\/jats:styled-content> quintiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Modifiable factors contributing to socioeconomic adversity in early life included marital status, household structure, annual income, education and health insurance. Those exposed to greater socioeconomic adversity as defined by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAI<\/jats:styled-content> values had significantly worse maternal and child outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T20:32:02Z","timestamp":1546979522000},"page":"1267-1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Measuring socioeconomic adversity in early life"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6498-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanwaljeet J. 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