{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:31:05Z","timestamp":1780075865766,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study determined possible discrepancies between verbal IQ and performance IQ in 8\u2010year\u2010old very preterm (VPT) and extremely preterm (EPT) children, and examined associations between verbal IQ and performance IQ, and sociodemographic factors, perinatal factors, early cognitive outcomes and also with school achievement scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective cohort study included 120 eight\u2010year\u2010old VPT\/EPT children. Cognitive development was assessed at the ages of 2, 5 and 8\u00a0years. Eight years\u2019 school achievement results in arithmetic, reading and spelling were collected. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of verbal IQ and performance IQ at the age of 8\u00a0years and to determine associations with school achievement scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean performance IQ (89.8) was significantly lower than mean verbal IQ (99.4; Cohen's <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.59) at the age of 8\u00a0years. Gestational age (GA), small for GA status, and cognitive scores at the ages of 2 and 5\u00a0years significantly predicted verbal IQ and performance IQ at the age of 8\u00a0years. Performance IQ at age 8\u00a0years was an important predictor for arithmetic scores (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.42).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Performance IQ was more strongly affected than verbal IQ in 8\u2010year\u2010old VPT\/EPT children and was strongly related to mathematical difficulties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T18:33:16Z","timestamp":1574188396000},"page":"1175-1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Eight\u2010year\u2010old very and extremely preterm children showed more difficulties in performance intelligence than verbal intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9085-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarit","family":"van Veen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology Emma Children\u2019s Hospital Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Amsterdam UMC Emma Neuroscience Group at Emma Children\u2019s Hospital University of Amsterdam &amp; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4414-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleid G.","family":"van Wassenaer\u2010Leemhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology Emma Children\u2019s Hospital Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"Oosterlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Amsterdam UMC Emma Neuroscience Group at Emma Children\u2019s Hospital University of Amsterdam &amp; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology Section Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton H.","family":"van Kaam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology Emma Children\u2019s Hospital Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7028-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelieke S. 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