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Pharmacological or surgical PDA treatment and the age at PDA treatment, were investigated in relation to the risks of moderate to severe neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) and full\u2010scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) at 6.5\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The children who received PDA drug treatment, including those who also had surgery, had the same risk of moderate to severe NDI or lower FSIQ as untreated children. However, children who had primary PDA surgery faced increased risks of NDI, with an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28\u20102.06) and a lower adjusted mean difference FSIQ of \u22127.1 (95% CI \u221211 to \u22123.2). Surgery at less than 10\u00a0days of life was associated with a significantly increased risk of moderate to severe NDI and lower FSIQ than surgery after 20\u00a0days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drug treatment followed by deferred surgery appeared to be a safer option for extremely preterm infants severely affected by PDA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T21:37:37Z","timestamp":1593553057000},"page":"510-520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The type and timing of patent ductus arteriosus treatment was associated with neurodevelopment when extremely preterm infants reached 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Lund  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Serenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4191-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0650-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrika","family":"Aden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Karin 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