{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T12:23:13Z","timestamp":1768911793577,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study assessed the <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> colonisation rate and susceptibility to antibiotics among preschool children in rural Vietnam.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 546 preschool children aged 6\u201359\u00a0months living in 460 households in the rural BaVi District of Hanoi and their main caregivers completed questionnaires. The samples were cultured, and the <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> colonisation rate and antibiotic susceptibility were investigated. Resistance data from this 2014 study were compared with studies in 1999 and 2007, to identify 15\u2010year trends, together with clinical isolates from a national surveillance system of 16 Vietnamese hospital laboratories established in 2013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that 221\/546 (40%) of the cultures were positive for <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. The susceptibility rates were trimethoprim\u2010sulphamethoxazole (5%), erythromycin (8%), ciprofloxacin (12%), benzyl\u2010penicillin (35%), tetracycline (49%), cefotaxime (55%), moxifloxacin (99%) and vancomycin (99%). All the susceptibility rates were lower in 2014 than 1999 and 2007, except tetracycline. Multi\u2010drug resistance was 80% in 2014, compared to 60% in 2007 and 31% in 1999. Antibiotics was reported used by 191 (35%) within one month, mainly cephalosporins 86 (45%), amoxycillin\/ampicillin 69 (36%) and macrolides 30 (16%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> showed remarkable high resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including cephalosporins. Multi\u2010drug resistance rose from 31% to 80% during the 15\u2010year study period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T09:56:27Z","timestamp":1612605387000},"page":"1916-1923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Multi\u2010drug resistance in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> among children in rural Vietnam more than doubled from 1999 to 2014"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0514-7445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattias","family":"Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Training and Research Academic Collaboration (TRAC) Sweden\u2013Vietnam Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoa Quynh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Hospital Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0046-6348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linus","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Training and Research Academic Collaboration (TRAC) Sweden\u2013Vietnam Hanoi Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toan Khanh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanoi Medical University Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trung Vu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Tropical Diseases Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuc Thi Kim","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Training and Research Academic Collaboration (TRAC) Sweden\u2013Vietnam Hanoi Vietnam"},{"name":"Hanoi Medical University Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Medical microbiology","author":"Murray PR","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05658-11"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of cefditoren and other oral antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae, isolated from children with community acquired respiratory tract infections","volume":"63","author":"Kang JH","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn J Antibiot"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2156-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14034950310015031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324358"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing \u2010 EUCAST. 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