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From initially being offered only to patients with severe growth hormone deficiency, today many children are treated for conditions in which the associated short stature is not primarily thought to be due to deficient endogenous growth hormone secretion. This review discusses the history, physiology and safety of growth hormone treatment, with focus on the long\u2010term risks of mortality, cardiovascular morbidity and cancer. Conclusion: Continuous follow\u2010up is needed to increase our knowledge of the long\u2010term treatment safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T14:28:47Z","timestamp":1621866527000},"page":"215-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The history, physiology and treatment safety of growth hormone"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5956-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Tidblad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Sur deux cas d\u2019acrom\u00e9galie; hypertrophie singuli\u00e8re non cong\u00e9nitale des extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s sup\u00e9rieures, inf\u00e9rieures et c\u00e9phalique","volume":"6","author":"Marie P","year":"1886","journal-title":"Rev Med Liege"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"891","article-title":"The pituitary body and its disorders, clinical states produced by disorders of the hypophysis cerebri","volume":"144","author":"Cushing H","year":"1912","journal-title":"J.B. 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