{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:18:21Z","timestamp":1782922701946,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in\u00a0infancy\u00a0is a rare life\u2010threatening event. The aim of this\u00a0review is to highlight the association of ICH and potentially preventable vitamin K deficiency and to describe risk factors, presentation and outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Original published data on\u00a0ICH\u00a0related to vitamin K deficiency\u00a0during 2008\u20132012\u00a0were extracted from records of participating centres in Egypt (Cairo and Delta region). Full data on 70\u00a0infants (0\u201324\u00a0weeks) have been reported in three publications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The first study involved premature infants where ICH was potentially preventable with administration of parenteral vitamin K prophylactic doses to mothers ahead of imminent preterm delivery. The other 2\u00a0studies involved term newborns and infants. ICH due to early or classic vitamin K deficiency was reported in nine patients while 44\u00a0were due to late vitamin K deficiency. Main risk factors for late onset were exclusive breastfeeding, persistent diarrhoea and\/or prolonged antibiotic therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is a relatively frequent problem underlying\u00a0ICH in infancy. Prophylactic vitamin K to mothers when anticipating preterm labour or a vitamin K boost in exclusively breast\u2010fed infants with prolonged antibiotic usage and, or, persistent diarrhoea might have an impact on prevention and outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T10:30:09Z","timestamp":1625135409000},"page":"2937-2943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intracranial haemorrhage associated with Vitamin K deficiency in Egyptian infants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Elalfy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Haematology\/Oncology Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6519-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadiga","family":"Eltonbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Haematology\/Oncology Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Elalfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complementary Medicine National Research Center Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Gadallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Zidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1908-9423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Abdel\u2010Hady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-008-0538-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2016.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/19381972.2014.968490"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.837880"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.12.PEDS10473"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2018.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.2.F80"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Intracranial hemorrhage in late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn","volume":"40","author":"Pooni PA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"30212","article-title":"Late vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infants: Five\u2010year prospective study","volume":"0021","author":"AL\u2010Zuhairy SH","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2175-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2018-0104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03923-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity in mild vs severe haemophilia A and B; 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