{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:47:34Z","timestamp":1788565654487,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the two prevailing hypotheses regarding the aetiology of infant retinal haemorrhage: (a) traction forces exerted by the lens and\/or corpus vitreum on the retina during infant shaking or (b) retinal vessel leakage secondary to intracranial pathology and raised intracranial pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparison of medical findings and reported type of trauma in infants investigated for suspected physical abuse with presence (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a029) or non\u2010presence of retinal haemorrhage (RH) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0119).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intracranial pathology was recorded in 15 (13%) of the non\u2010RH cases and in 27 (97%) of the RH cases (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.0001). All 18 infants with bilateral RH had intracranial pathology. Of 27 infants subjected to witnessed or admitted shaking, two were in the group with RH. One had a single unilateral RH and no intracranial pathology. The other had bilateral RH and intracranial pathology with non\u2010specific white matter changes, acute subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhages, and suspected cortical venous thrombosis. In 15 RH cases, there was no trauma reported and no findings other than RH and intracranial pathology. Accidental blunt head trauma was reported in 7 RH cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study indicates that RH in infants is secondary to intracranial pathology of non\u2010specific aetiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T20:31:12Z","timestamp":1633725072000},"page":"800-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Retinal haemorrhage in infants investigated for suspected maltreatment is strongly correlated with intracranial pathology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2962-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingemar","family":"Thiblin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8266-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8489-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Wester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine K1 University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"H\u00f6gberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2121-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulf","family":"H\u00f6gberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Global Health Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1220"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015\u20100356"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(88)90133-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1975.02120480051012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001186"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Infantile acute subdural hematoma with retinal hemorrhage caused by minor occipital impact witnessed by an ICU Nurse: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Aoki N","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000066216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.6.800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181edee5b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2017.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802414527077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.6.1223"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages in a neonate following vacuum extraction","volume":"8","author":"Naderian G","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic vis Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3583-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.41.2.0160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.5.0851"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1105-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/PED-07\/08\/119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922811406435"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.1.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(51)90294-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04266-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04336-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-011-0327-4"}],"container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apa.16139","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/apa.16139","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apa.16139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T23:04:38Z","timestamp":1692572678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apa.16139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apa.16139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.16139","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0803-5253","1651-2227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0803-5253","type":"print"},{"value":"1651-2227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}