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To examine whether previously described positive effects of antenatal steroids on cognition persist at 12\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort, 78 children with gestational ages 22.7\u201331.9\u00a0weeks, born in 2004\u20132007 and examined at 12\u00a0years of age with cognitive, motor and visual motor integration tasks and compared to an age\u2010matched control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 50). Two preterm subgroups were studied: very preterm children (28\u201331\u00a0gestational weeks, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 53) and extremely preterm children (22\u201327\u00a0gestational weeks, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 25).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The preterm children had significantly lower scores on all cognitive, motor and visual motor integration tasks than the controls. Gestational age and maternal education influenced associations differently in the two preterm subgroups. Also, severe retinopathy of prematurity demonstrated strong associations to outcome. In the extremely preterm group, administration of antenatal steroids was associated with better cognition, basic attention, word generation and motor skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 12\u00a0years of age, very preterm children born in the 2000s still have deficits across several neurodevelopmental domains compared to term\u2010born peers. Administration of antenatal steroids has long\u2010lasting associations to cognition and motor skills in extremely preterm\u2010born children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T20:57:28Z","timestamp":1633726648000},"page":"314-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antenatal steroids and neurodevelopment in 12\u2010year\u2010old children born extremely preterm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0268-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Kochukhova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Uppsala University Sweden"},{"name":"Departments of Psychology Uppsala University Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylva","family":"Fredriksson Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Uppsala University Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Uppsala University Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5290-4090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Uppsala University Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Holmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neuroscience\/Ophthamology Uppsala University Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Strand Brodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Uppsala University Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research S\u00f6rmland Uppsala University Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hellstr\u00f6m\u2010Westas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Uppsala University Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14832"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.12.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15586"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"CD004454","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth","volume":"12","author":"McGoldrick E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02449.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"SereniusF KallenK BlennowM et al. 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