{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T10:37:15Z","timestamp":1785580635217,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This observational study investigated the microbiology of blood culture\u2010positive sepsis episodes and susceptibility to empiric antibiotics in early\u2010onset sepsis (EOS) and late\u2010onset sepsis (LOS) in a level\u2010four neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from 2010 to 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was based on patient records and data that Oslo University Hospital, Norway, routinely submitted to the Norwegian Neonatal Network database. Clinical data were merged with blood culture results, including antibiotic susceptibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 5249 infants admitted to the NICU 6321 times and identified 324 positive blood cultures from 287 infants, with 30 EOS and 305 LOS episodes. Frequent causative agents for EOS were <jats:italic>group B streptococci<\/jats:italic> (33.3%), <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (20.0%) and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (16.7%). All were susceptible to empiric ampicillin and gentamicin. LOS was most frequently caused by coagulase\u2010negative staphylococci (CONS) (73.8%), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (15.7%) and <jats:italic>Enterococci<\/jats:italic> (6.9%). CONS, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterococci<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> represented 91.9% of LOS episodes and were susceptible to vancomycin and cefotaxime (96.1%), vancomycin and gentamicin (97.0%) and cloxacillin and gentamicin (38.1%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Empiric treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin was adequate for EOS. Combining vancomycin and gentamicin may be a safer alternative to cefotaxime for LOS, as this reduces exposure to broad\u2010spectrum antibiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T13:34:22Z","timestamp":1637156062000},"page":"519-526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Sepsis treatment options identified by 10\u2010year study of microbial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility in a level\u2010four neonatal intensive care unit"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1693-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eline Hasselg\u00e5rd","family":"St\u00f8rdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8009-7169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Lee","family":"Solev\u00e5g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine Neonatal Department Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0079-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rgen Vildersh\u00f8j","family":"Bj\u00f8rnholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arild","family":"R\u00f8nnestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine Neonatal Department Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Neonatal Network Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J\u00f8rgen","family":"Stensvold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine Neonatal Department Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Neonatal Network Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000906"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"e262\u2010e268","article-title":"Septicemia in the first week of life in a Norwegian national cohort of extremely premature infants","volume":"115","author":"Ronnestad A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31002-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"e269\u2010e276","article-title":"Late\u2010onset septicemia in a norwegian national cohort of extremely premature infants receiving very early full human milk feeding","volume":"115","author":"Ronnestad A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Metodebok i nyf\u00f8dtmedisin: Barne\u2010 og ungdomsavdelingen Universitetssykehuset i Nord\u2010Norge (6. utgave) 2019[updated 10.2019]. 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