{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:06:31Z","timestamp":1783544791228,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hans Asperger is probably best known for Asperger syndrome. However, he has been accused of knowingly and willingly participating in the National Socialist Child Euthanasia programme by referring patients to the Am Spiegelgrund children's home in Vienna. This later became notorious for euthanising disabled children. We investigated those allegations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinicians and historians examined original documents and transcripts related to Asperger's referrals from the Viennese Therapeutic Pedagogy Unit, and corresponding Am Spiegelgrund admissions, up to 25 March 1943, when he was drafted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Asperger referred 13 children to Am Spiegelgrund. Eleven survived and apparently received adequate care that allowed them to achieve positive developments, but two girls died. Asperger referred these two girls during June and October 1941, before most of the deaths at Am Spiegelgrund occurred and before its euthanasia programme became public knowledge. Our detailed investigation of the medical records, Unit referral practices and Am Spiegelgrund provided no evidence that Asperger knew about the euthanasia programme at the time of the referrals. One death was probably due to euthanasia, but the other was less clear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no evidence that Asperger knew about the euthanasia programme when he referred two patients who died at Am Spiegelgrund.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T12:20:47Z","timestamp":1665750047000},"page":"1109-1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An assessment of what Hans Asperger knew about child euthanasia in Vienna during the Nazi occupation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0988-2655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernst","family":"Tatzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00d6 Heilp\u00e4dagogisches Zentrum Hinterbr\u00fchl  Hinterbr\u00fchl Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5129-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werner","family":"Maleczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr \u00f6sterreichische Geschichtsforschung University of Vienna  Wien Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7768-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Waldhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University of Vienna  Wien Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Das psychisch abnorme kind (the psychically abnormal child)","volume":"40","author":"Asperger H","year":"1938","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01837709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01371-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity","author":"Silberman S","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Les pionniers oublies de l'autisme: la vie et l'oeuvre d'Anni Weiss et de Georg Frankl (Autism's forgotten pioneers: the life and work of Anni Weiss and Georg Frankl)","volume":"97","author":"Dluzak SL","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf Psychiatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01622-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0208-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Asperger's Children: the Origin of Autism in Nazi Vienna","author":"Sheffer E","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-3594-5","volume-title":"Heilp\u00e4dagogik (Therapeutic Pedagogy)","author":"Asperger H","year":"1952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526770.001"},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"460","article-title":"Hans Aspergers Verteidigung der \u2018autistischen Psychopathen\u2019 gegen die NS Eugenik (Autism and Nazi Racial Laws in Austria 1938. Hans Asperger's defense of 'autistic psychopaths' against Nazi eugenics)","volume":"2002","author":"Schirmer B","year":"1938","journal-title":"Die Neue Sonderschule"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Das Syndrom des \u2018Autistischen Psychopathen.\u2019 Hans Asperger zwischen P\u00e4diatrie, Kinderpsychiatrie und Heilp\u00e4dagogik (the syndrome of the 'Autistic psychopath.' Hans Asperger between pediatrics, child psychiatry, and therapeutic pedagogy)","volume":"14","author":"Gr\u00f6ger H","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Nervenheilkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444325461.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03981-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"Hans Asperger und die Heilp\u00e4dagogik (Hans Asperger and Therapeutic Pedagogy)","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0209-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Wiener Stadt\u2010 und Landesarchiv 1.3.2.209.10.A1 Krankengeschichten: \u00fcberlebende M\u00e4dchen und Knaben 1941\u20131945 (Case histories: surviving girls and boys 1941\u20131945)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Wiener Stadt\u2010 und Landesarchiv 1.3.2.209.10.A2 Krankengeschichten: verstorbene M\u00e4dchen und Knaben 1940\u20131945 (Case histories: deceased girls and boys 1940\u20131945)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Wiener Stadt\u2010 und Landesarchiv 1.3.2.209.1.A 47 Kinderklinik; Heilp\u00e4dagogische Station: Krankengeschichten|1912\u20131944 (Children's Clinic; Therapeutic Pedagogy Ward: case histories|1912\u20131944)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Wiener Stadt\u2010 und Landesarchiv 1.3.2.209.1.A 46 \u2010 Kinderklinik: Krankengeschichten | 1930\u20131975 (Children's Clinic: Case Histories|1930\u20131975)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Wiener Stadt\u2010 und Landesarchiv 1.3.2.209.1.B1013 \u2013 Kinderklinik; Heilp\u00e4dagogische Station: Stationsprotokoll (Children's Clinic; Therapeutic Pedagogy Ward: Ward Protocol)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"Verfolgte Kindheit Kinder Und Jugendliche Als Opfer der NS\u2010Sozialverwaltung (Persecuted Childhood Children and Young People as Victims of the Nazi Social Administration)","author":"Jandrisits V","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7767\/boehlau.9783205116240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Kinderheilkunde (textbook of pediatrics). 13. 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