{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:30:08Z","timestamp":1787830208183,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>While associations between vitamin D deficiency and neurodevelopmental disorders have been found, large studies on child vitamin D, neurodevelopment, and sex differences among the general population are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the association between child serum 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) levels and neurodevelopmental problems (NDPs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum 25(OH)D and NDPs were measured at age two among the subcohort study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. NDPs were assessed with the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 (Kyoto scale). Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for the Kyoto\u2010scale developmental quotient scores &lt;70 were calculated, for postural\u2013motor, cognitive\u2013adaptive, and language\u2013social domains and overall scores, adjusted for test month, latitude, small for gestational age, maternal age, and daycare attendance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 2363 boys and 2290 girls, boys had higher 25(OH)D levels, but scored lower in the Kyoto scale. For boys in the vitamin D deficiency (&lt;20\u2009ng\/mL) group, aORs of scoring the Kyoto\u2010scale DQs &lt;70 were 2.33 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) for overall DQs, 1.91 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037) for cognitive\u2013adaptive, and 1.69 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024) for language\u2013social domains. For girls, results were inconclusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only boys showed a clear and cross\u2010modal association between vitamin D deficiency and NDPs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T07:31:01Z","timestamp":1697787061000},"page":"119-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency associated with neurodevelopmental problems in 2\u2010year\u2010old Japanese boys"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8379-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kahoko","family":"Yasumitsu\u2010Lovell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Kochi Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre  Kochi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School Kochi University  Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-3262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Kochi Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre  Kochi Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Sciences University of Aberdeen  Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4516-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Fernell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Kochi Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre  Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1715-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masamitsu","family":"Eitoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School Kochi University  Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narufurmi","family":"Suganuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School Kochi University  Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Gillberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Kochi Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre  Kochi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School Kochi University  Kochi Japan"},{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Japan Environment and Children's Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2017-0391"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2111602"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0075-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103196"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204353"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113672"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01942638.2015.1050150"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010190"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200415174311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-03005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200448"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-25"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20170018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1777"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01755.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3232-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-6-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.05.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00399-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1860"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0357-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9409-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_17_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.05.003"}],"container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apa.16998","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T06:42:10Z","timestamp":1712299330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apa.16998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apa.16998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.16998","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0803-5253","1651-2227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0803-5253","type":"print"},{"value":"1651-2227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}