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It focused on all infants born between 22\u2009+\u20090 and 31\u2009+\u20096\u2009weeks\/days of gestation from 2011 to 2012, in 19 regions in 11 European countries. We studied 7268 infants admitted to neonatal care and 5\u2009years later, we followed up the outcomes of 103 who had received iNO treatment. They were compared with 3502 propensity score\u2010matched controls of the same age who did not receive treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All countries used iNO and 292\/7268 (4.0%) infants received this treatment, ranging from 1.2% in the UK to 10.5% in France. There were also large regional variations within some countries. Infants treated with iNO faced higher in\u2010hospital mortality than matched controls (odds ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval 1.33\u20133.09). The 5\u2010year follow\u2010up analysis of 103 survivors showed no increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment after iNO treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>iNO was used for VPT patients in all 11 countries. In\u2010hospital mortality was increased in infants treated with iNO, but long\u2010term neurodevelopmental outcomes were not affected in 103 5\u2010year\u2010old survivors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T08:35:00Z","timestamp":1703320500000},"page":"461-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Treating very preterm European infants with inhaled nitric oxide increased in\u2010hospital mortality but did not affect neurodevelopment at 5\u2009years of age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7763-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Siljehav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's &amp; Children's Health Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0428-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gudmundsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's &amp; 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