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The results were related to neonatal characteristics, language development, measured with Bayley\u2010III, at 2.5\u2009years corrected age, and concurrent non\u2010verbal IQ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm children showed language and reading difficulties that were not completely accounted for by level of concurrent non\u2010verbal IQ. Extremely preterm born children (&lt;28 gestational weeks) demonstrated specific linguistic weaknesses. Administration of antenatal steroids, retinopathy of prematurity and persistent ductus arteriosus explained unique variance in language and reading outcomes. Language assessments at 2.5\u2009years had low predictive value for language and reading outcomes at age 12.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Language and reading difficulties in 12\u2010year\u2010old children born preterm were not fully explained by concurrent non\u2010verbal IQ, and were not reliably predicted by language assessments at 2.5\u2009years. Renewed language assessments at school age are warranted for identifying children with persisting linguistic difficulties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T13:53:56Z","timestamp":1725285236000},"page":"100-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predictors of language and reading outcomes in 12\u2010year\u2010old children born very preterm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Hedenius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Uppsala University  Uppsala 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