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Both cohorts had recorded data on iNO treatment. General cognitive ability was tested with IQ tests. Classification and Regression trees analysis was used to identify prenatal, perinatal and neonatal, clinical and social\u2010environmental predictors of IQ.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both cohorts, treatment with inhaled nitric oxide was not associated with IQ at age 5\u20136\u2009years. Analysis identified maternal educational level, gestational age at discharge from hospital, intraventricular haemorrhage and maternal country of birth as important factors associated with IQ scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment with inhaled nitric oxide was neither negatively nor positively associated with IQ at age 5\u20136\u2009years. Neonatal and brain health, as well as socioeconomic factors are important for cognitive performance in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T06:14:46Z","timestamp":1746512086000},"page":"2346-2356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment With Inhaled Nitric Oxide and General Intelligence in Preterm Children in Two European Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tsalacopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"},{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Benhammou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\/CRESS INSERM, INRAE, Paris Cit\u00e9 University  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Marchand\u2010Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\/CRESS INSERM, INRAE, Paris Cit\u00e9 University  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7435-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Pierrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\/CRESS INSERM, INRAE, Paris Cit\u00e9 University  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine Cr\u00e9teil Hospital  Cr\u00e9teil France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre\u2010Yves","family":"Ancel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center\/CRESS INSERM, INRAE, Paris Cit\u00e9 University  Paris France"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Center for Clinical Investigation P1419 Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armita","family":"Shahesmaeilinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Data Science University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Julius\u2010Maximilians\u2010University of W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"R\u00fccker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Julius\u2010Maximilians\u2010University of W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Prevot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience &amp; Cognition University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille  Lille France"},{"name":"Hospital University Federation (FHU) 1000 First Days of Life University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille  Lille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Chachlaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience &amp; Cognition University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille  Lille France"},{"name":"Hospital University Federation (FHU) 1000 First Days of Life University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille  Lille France"},{"name":"University Research Institute of Child Health and Precision Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children's Hospital  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"H\u00e4rtel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6486-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"G\u00f6pel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University Hospital Schleswig\u2010Holstein, Campus L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Spiegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the miniNO Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201018345\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2023.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000399.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000509.pub5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000528914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13387"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000362414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad319"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15785"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa282"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.836705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010024\u201004532\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102431\u201014\u201097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3366"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"T. 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