{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:44:33Z","timestamp":1787013873461,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Previous studies have linked general obesity to learning disabilities, but the association of general and central obesity with learning disabilities remains unclear. This study aimed to assess their associations in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      children and adolescents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analysed 1999\u20132004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NHANES<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) data to evaluate the associations between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\u2265\u200995th percentile) and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\u2265\u20090.5) and parent\u2010reported learning disabilities, using multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic splines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 6944 participants (mean age, 10.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u2009years, 3400 male [50.9%]), 739 had learning disabilities. Adjusted odds ratios showed significant links between learning disabilities and general obesity (BMI\u2010for\u2010age \u2265\u200995th percentile) and central obesity (WHR \u2265\u20090.5). A J\u2010shaped relationship was found for BMI \u2265\u200919.2\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (OR 1.046, 95% CI 1.015\u20131.078;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0033), while WHR showed a weak linear association with learning disabilities (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.093).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General and central obesity were associated with learning disabilities, exhibiting distinct patterns for BMI and WHR. However, due to the cross\u2010sectional nature of the data, causality cannot be established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.70267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T09:56:57Z","timestamp":1754560617000},"page":"3342-3350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Obesity Was Associated With Learning Disabilities in Children and Adolescents Living in the\n                    <scp>USA<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4497-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Health Care Yibin Hospital Affiliated to Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University  Yibin Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Health Care Yibin Hospital Affiliated to Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University  Yibin Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilu Medical University  Zibo Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1449-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00342-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12582"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-023-00170-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57196-6_4"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"759","article-title":"Children at Risk of Specific Learning Disorder: A Study on Prevalence and Risk Factors","volume":"11","author":"Bozatl\u0131 L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2021.102667"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.869337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.04.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"Statistics NCfH NHANES Survey Methods and Analytic Guidelines https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/AnalyticGuidelines.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S355263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01745-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1465444"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780111005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.55631"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1162747"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03104-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Perception of Obese Schoolchildren Regarding Their Participation in the Physical Education Class and Their Level of Self\u2010Esteem: Comparison According to Corporal Status","volume":"35","author":"Delgado Floody P. 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