{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:42:32Z","timestamp":1773859352763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["79787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Growth faltering and loss of development potential are common in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. We aimed to study whether linear growth before and after 2\u2009years, height\u2010for\u2010age Z\u2010score (HAZ) from 1\u2009month until 13\u2009years and morbidity during the first 3\u2009years predict adolescent cognitive ability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cognitive assessment was done between 2018 and 2019 using Raven's coloured progressive matrices (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009997), a measure of inductive reasoning and eye\u2010tracking measures of saccadic speed (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009760) and saccadic control (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009618) among children whose mothers originally participated in a randomised clinical trial in rural Malawi. Linear regression was used to predict cognitive ability. The primary model was adjusted for age and sex, and the covariate\u2010adjusted model for other prespecified variables.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Saccadic control was predicted by a change in HAZ between 2 and 13\u2009years in the adjusted model (coef \u22120.03,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). Raven's score was predicted by change in HAZ between 1\u2009month and 2\u2009years (coef. 0.47,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and HAZ at 2, 5 and 13\u2009years (coefs. 0.27\u20130.38,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Morbidity did not predict adolescent cognition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linear growth before 2\u2009years of age and single HAZ measurements from 2\u2009years onwards associated with later cognitive ability measured with Raven's test, but not consistently with eye\u2010tracking assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T08:44:04Z","timestamp":1762591444000},"page":"634-642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Childhood Linear Growth and Early Morbidity as Predictors of Adolescent Cognitive Ability in Malawi: A Prospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karoliina","family":"Videman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jukka M.","family":"Lepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Speech\u2010Language Pathology University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lotta","family":"Hallamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Maleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health Kamuzu University of Health Sciences  Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Ashorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mangani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health Kamuzu University of Health Sciences  Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Ashorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology  Tampere 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