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Mice in heat\u2010stressed group were exposed to heat stress (41\u00a0\u00b0C for 60\u00a0min) in an incubator without anaesthesia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant increase in wet and dry weights, and protein content of soleus muscle in wild\u2010type mice was observed seven days after the application of the heat stress. However, heat stress had no impact on soleus muscle mass in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1\u2010null mice. Neither type of mice exhibited much effect of heat stress on\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      expression (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      2 and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4). On the other hand, heat stress upregulated heat shock proteins (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) at the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      72) and protein (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      72 and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      110) levels in wild\u2010type mice, but not in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1\u2010null mice. The population of Pax7\u2010positive nuclei relative to total myonuclei of soleus muscle in wild\u2010type mice was significantly increased by heat stress, but not in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1\u2010null mice. Furthermore, the absence of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1 gene suppressed heat stress\u2010associated phosphorylation of Akt and p70 S6 kinase (p\u2010p70S6K) in soleus muscle.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Heat stress\u2010associated increase in skeletal muscle mass may be induced by\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1 and\/or\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1\u2010mediated stress response that activates muscle satellite cells and Akt\/p70S6K signalling pathway.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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