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Hypoxia\u2010inducible factors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIF<\/jats:styled-content>) play a pivotal role in this transcriptional adaptive response. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIF<\/jats:styled-content> prolyl hydroxylases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHD<\/jats:styled-content>s), serving as oxygen sensors, control <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIF<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> degradation. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010mediated ischaemic pre\u2010conditioning can be achieved with the administration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHD<\/jats:styled-content> inhibitors, with the attenuation of organ injury under various hypoxic and toxic insults. Clinical trials are currently under way, evaluating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHD<\/jats:styled-content> inhibitors as inducers of erythropoietin. Once their safety is established, their potential use might be further tested in clinical trials in various forms of acute ischaemic and toxic organ damage.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Repeated transient limb ischaemia was also found to attenuate ischaemic injury in remote organs. This \u2018remote ischaemic pre\u2010conditioning\u2019 phenomenon (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIP<\/jats:styled-content>) has been extensively studied recently in small clinical trials, preceding, or in parallel with an abrupt insult, such as myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery or radiocontrast administration. Initial results are promising, suggesting organ protection. Large\u2010scale multi\u2010centre studies are currently under way, evaluating the protective potential of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIP<\/jats:styled-content> in cardiac surgery, in the management of myocardial infarction and in organ transplantation. The mechanisms of organ protection provided by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIP<\/jats:styled-content> are poorly understood, but <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIF<\/jats:styled-content> seemingly play a role as well.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Thus, Inhibition of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIF<\/jats:styled-content> degradation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHD<\/jats:styled-content> inhibitors, as well as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIP<\/jats:styled-content> (in part through <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIF<\/jats:styled-content>), might develop into novel clinical interventions in organ protection in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T12:11:33Z","timestamp":1444392693000},"page":"395-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Adaptive response to hypoxia and remote ischaemia pre\u2010conditioning: a new hypoxia\u2010inducible factors era in clinical medicine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"S. 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