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Augmented inspiratory activity is suggested as a major component of respiratory\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . In this study, we hypothesized that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      also elicits a sustained increase in expiratory motor activity. We also investigated whether the expiratory\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      contributes to the development of sympathetic\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      after\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rats were exposed to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (10\u00a0\u00d7\u00a06\u20137% O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      for 45\u00a0s, every 5\u00a0min), and the cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated during 60\u00a0min using\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In unanesthetized conditions (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a09),\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      elicited a modest but sustained increase in baseline mean arterial pressure (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , 104\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02 vs. 111\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\u00a0mmHg,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) associated with enhanced sympathetic and respiratory\u2010related variabilities. In the\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      preparations (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a09),\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      evoked\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in phrenic (33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012%), thoracic sympathetic (75\u00a0\u00b1\u00a025%) and abdominal nerve activities (69\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014%). The sympathetic overactivity after\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was phase\u2010locked with the emergence of bursts in abdominal activity during the late\u2010expiratory phase. In anesthetized vagus\u2010intact animals,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      increased baseline\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (113\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03 vs. 122\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02\u00a0mmHg,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and abdominal muscle activity (535\u00a0\u00b1\u00a094%), which were eliminated after pharmacological inhibition of the retrotrapezoid nucleus\/parafacial respiratory group (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RTN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pFRG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that increased expiratory activity is also an important component of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010elicited respiratory\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Moreover, the development of sympathetic\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      after\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is linked to the emergence of active expiratory pattern and depends on the integrity of the neurones of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RTN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pFRG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T00:14:41Z","timestamp":1456359281000},"page":"254-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Long\u2010term facilitation of expiratory and sympathetic activities following acute intermittent hypoxia in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"E. 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