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Moreover, these receptors are expressed in cardiac myocytes and vascular tissues. Numerous experimental observations support the hypothesis that similarities and interactions exist between the signalling pathways of ERs (ER\u03b1, ER\u03b2 and GPR30) and \u03b2ARs (\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>AR, \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>AR and \u03b2<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>AR). The recently discovered oestrogen receptor GPR30 shares structural features with the \u03b2ARs, and this forms the basis for the interactions and functional overlap. GPR30 possesses protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation sites and PDZ binding motifs and interacts with A\u2010kinase anchoring protein 5 (AKAP5), all of which enable its interaction with the \u03b2AR pathways. The interactions between ERs and \u03b2ARs occur downstream of the G\u2010protein\u2010coupled receptor, through the G<jats:sub>\u03b1s<\/jats:sub> and G<jats:sub>\u03b1i<\/jats:sub> proteins. This review presents an up\u2010to\u2010date description of ERs and \u03b2ARs and demonstrates functional synergism and interactions among these receptors in cardiac cells. We explore their signalling cascades and the mechanisms that orchestrate their interactions and propose new perspectives on the signalling patterns for the GPR30 based on its structural resemblance to the \u03b2ARs. In addition, we explore the relevance of these interactions to cell physiology, drugs (especially \u03b2\u2010blockers and calcium channel blockers) and cardioprotection. Furthermore, a receptor\u2010independent mechanism for oestrogen and its influence on the expression of \u03b2ARs and calcium\u2010handling proteins are discussed. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic avenues that can be derived from the shared pathways, especially the phosphatidylinositol\u20103\u2010OH kinase (PI3K\/Akt) pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T01:12:46Z","timestamp":1507597966000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Molecular pathways of oestrogen receptors and \u03b2\u2010adrenergic receptors in cardiac cells: Recognition of their similarities, interactions and therapeutic value"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"J.O.","family":"Machuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.Y.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou 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