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Cross\u2010fostering growth\u2010restricted (Restricted) offspring onto a mother with normal lactation restores leptin concentrations and nephron endowment. This study aimed to determine whether the reduced nephron endowment in Restricted offspring is due to delayed glomerular formation and dysregulation of renal genes regulating branching morphogenesis, apoptosis or leptin signalling. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether cross\u2010fostering Restricted offspring onto Control mothers could improve glomerular maturation and restore renal gene abundance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery on gestation day 18 (E18). Kidneys were collected at E20, postnatal day 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>1) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>7. An additional cohort was cross\u2010fostered onto separate mothers at birth and kidneys collected at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>7.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kidneys were lighter in the Restricted group, but weight was restored with cross\u2010fostering. At E20, abundance of <jats:italic>Bax<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Flt1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Vegfa<\/jats:italic> was increased in Restricted offspring, while <jats:italic>Ret<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bcl2<\/jats:italic> transcripts were increased only in Restricted females. At <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>7, abundance of <jats:italic>Gdnf<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ret<\/jats:italic> was higher in Restricted offspring, as was <jats:italic>Casp3<\/jats:italic>. Restricted offspring had a wider nephrogenic zone with more immature glomeruli suggesting a delayed or extended nephrogenic period. Cross\u2010fostering had subtle effects on gene abundance and glomerular maturity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uteroplacental insufficiency induced apoptosis in the developing kidney and delayed and extended nephrogenesis. Cross\u2010fostering Restricted offspring onto Control mothers had beneficial effects on kidney growth and renal maturity, which may contribute to the restoration of nephron endowment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T08:12:41Z","timestamp":1508400761000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Uteroplacental insufficiency in rats induces renal apoptosis and delays nephrogenesis completion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"J. S. M.","family":"Cuffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Science Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Southport Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. F.","family":"Briffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. L.","family":"Siebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. H.","family":"Hryciw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. E.","family":"Wlodek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. 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