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Glucocorticoids (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) have been proposed to trigger\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Here, we compare outcomes of two\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s, the commonly used prednisolone and the newly developed dissociative vamorolone in response to the intensive care unit (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) condition for 5\u00a0days, ie, sedation, immobilization, and mechanical ventilation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rats were divided into a 0\u2010day sham\u2010operated control group, and three groups exposed to 5\u00a0days\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      condition during treatment with prednisolone (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) or vamorolone (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VAM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) or none of these\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010group). Survival, body and muscle weights, cytokine concentrations, regulation of muscle contraction in single fast\u2010 and slow\u2010twitch muscle fibres, myofibrillar protein expression and protein degradation pathways were studied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Critical illness myopathy geno\u2010 and pheno\u2010types were confirmed in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      group. However,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VAM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      groups showed reduced atrophy\/weakness than the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      group, and muscle specific differences with more severe negative effects on fast\u2010twitch muscle fibres in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      than the other groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results show that vamorolone provides a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      intervention superior to typical\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s in improving\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      outcomes. Further, the findings do not support the notion that moderate\u2010dose\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      treatment represents a factor triggering\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]],"date-time":"2018-08-18T04:36:31Z","timestamp":1534566991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Vamorolone treatment improves skeletal muscle outcome in a critical illness myopathy rat model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Hazem","family":"Akkad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 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