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Here, we sought to examine if Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> exchanger 1 (NCX1) is responsible for the mechanosensitivity in the esophageal myenteric neurons (EMN) of rats and humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The function of NCX1 in primary culture of neurons was determined using calcium imaging, and mechanosensitivity was tested using osmotic stretch and direct mechanical stretch. Axial stretch\u2010induced relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was also studied in vivo in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expression and co\u2010localization of NCX1 with nNOS were identified in the EMN from both rats and humans. The extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> entry caused by ATP through purinergic signalling in the rat EMN was significantly inhibited by selective NCX blockers. Removal of extracellular Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> to activate the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> entry mode of NCX1 induced an increase in the cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>cyt<\/jats:sub>), which was attenuated by NCX blockers. Osmotic stretch and mechanical stretch\u2010induced [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>cyt<\/jats:sub> signalling in the rat and human EMN were attenuated by NCX blockers as well as specific NCX1 knockdown. Osmotic stretch and mechanical stretch also induced [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>cyt<\/jats:sub> signalling in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with NCX1 over\u2010expression, which was attenuated by NCX blockers. Finally, NCX blockade inhibited axial stretch\u2010activated LES relaxation in vivo experiments in the rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate a novel NCX1\/Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> pathway in the mechanosensitive neurons of rat and human oesophagus, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of oesophageal motility disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T16:28:43Z","timestamp":1542904123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Na<sup>+<\/sup>\/Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> exchanger 1 is a key mechanosensitive molecule of the esophageal myenteric neurons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital Third 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