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Emerging evidence suggests that changes in placental amino acid transport may contribute to abnormal fetal growth. This review is focused on amino acid transport in the human placenta, however, relevant animal models will be discussed to add mechanistic insights. At least 25 distinct amino acid transporters with different characteristics and substrate preferences have been identified in the human placenta. Of these, System A, transporting neutral nonessential amino acids, and System L, mediating the transport of essential amino acids, have been studied in some detail. Importantly, decreased placental Systems A and L transporter activity is strongly associated with IUGR and increased placental activity of these two amino acid transporters has been linked to fetal overgrowth in human pregnancy. An array of factors in the maternal circulation, including insulin, IGF\u20101, and adiponectin, and placental signaling pathways such as mTOR, have been identified as key regulators of placental Systems A and L. Studies using trophoblast\u2010specific gene targeting in mice have provided compelling evidence that changes in placental Systems A and L are mechanistically linked to altered fetal growth. It is possible that targeting specific placental amino acid transporters or their upstream regulators represents a novel intervention to alleviate the short\u2010 and long\u2010term consequences of abnormal fetal growth in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T02:25:01Z","timestamp":1715048701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Regulation of placental amino acid transport in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"240","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Shimada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sapporo Medical University  Sapporo 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