{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:14:25Z","timestamp":1788567265894,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFF\u20104183\u201000056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFF\u20104183\u201000056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Physiologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) rank among the most prevalent infections in humans, carrying substantial implications for public health. Women experiencing recurrent UTIs are often advised to boost their fluid intake to help eliminate bacteria. In this study, we explored the impact of elevated fluid consumption during UTIs using a mouse model of pyelonephritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>UTI was induced in 8\u201310\u2009w female BALB\/cJ\u2010mice by surgically injecting <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (O6:K13:H1) into the bladder whereafter mice were randomized to gel food (GF) or regular chow. Immune response and infection severity were determined 24\u2010h post\u2010infection. In\u00a0vitro bacterial growth (OD<jats:sub>600<\/jats:sub>) was determined in urine from mice or from human volunteers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gel feeding increased urine output (1.40\u2009\u00b1\u20090.77\u2009\u03bcL\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and diluted the urine (668.7\u2009\u00b1\u2009177 mOsmol kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) compared to controls on regular chow (urine output: 0.34\u2009\u00b1\u20090.27\u2009\u03bcL\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, osmolality: 1439\u2009\u00b1\u2009473.5 mOsmol kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). Mice on GF had a higher risk of pyelonephritis (87.5%) and more severe infections (26.22\u2009\u00b1\u20099.88\u2009CFU\u2009mg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> tissue) compared to controls (43.75%; 3.87\u2009\u00b1\u20093.56\u2009CFU\u2009mg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Correspondingly, the growth <jats:italic>of E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic> was markedly reduced at osmolalities above 1200 mOsmol kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> compared to 600 mOsmol kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and GF mice had lower urine levels of uromodulin (13.70\u2009\u00b1\u20091.89\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) compared to controls (24.65\u2009\u00b1\u20092.70\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased water intake and urine flow in mice will markedly increase the risk of pyelonephritis. The increased risk may reflect reduced urine uromodulin combined with optimized growth conditions for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. The study does not immediately support the notion that established UTIs can be eliminated by increased water intake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T12:25:45Z","timestamp":1721046345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Increased water intake dilutes protective uromodulin levels in urine and results in increased rates of pyelonephritis in a murine model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Aimi D. K.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura V.","family":"Sparsoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanna","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette H.","family":"Chreistensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3588-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Corydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0970-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helle","family":"Praetorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000155596.98780.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01915-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02813432.2023.2196546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02813432.2019.1569425"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2013.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2022.2123039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608153350703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.1.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00357.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ampbs.2014.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1890533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.22.3.334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000179766"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Tamm\u2013Horsfall mucoprotein. 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