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Patients with hyperthyroidism, a disease with high incidence in the population, have increased arrhythmia risk and cardiac hypertrophy, which is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Recent research has revealed the essential roles of leukocytes in cardiac homeostasis and stress\u2010induced responses. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of immune cells in cardiac changes induced by elevated triiodothyronine (T3) levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hyperthyroid condition in mice was mimicked by daily injections (i.p.) of T3 (14\u2009\u03bcg\/100\u2009g BW) for 7 or 14\u2009days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased heart rate and cardiac mass observed after 7\u2009days of T3 treatment was associated with enhanced myocardial population of neutrophils, dendritic cells, and inflammatory phenotypes of monocytes and macrophages, without circulating changes in these cells, as evaluated by flow cytometry. In\u00a0vitro experiments demonstrated bias toward pro\u2010inflammatory polarization in isolated bone marrow\u2010derived macrophages (BMDM) in response to T3. Interestingly, depletion of macrophages in mice prevented hypertrophic heart growth, tachycardia, and increased gene expression of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine interleukin\u2010(IL)\u20106 caused by hyperthyroid condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these new findings indicate the involvement of macrophages in the cardiac changes promoted by higher T3 levels. Considering that sustained cardiac growth and tachycardia can potentially lead to heart failure, our results suggest that targeting macrophages might be a novel therapeutic approach for attenuating cardiac disorders caused by hyperthyroidism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T18:16:18Z","timestamp":1738952178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Increased macrophages contribute to thyroid hormone\u2010induced cardiac alterations in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9410-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Senger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology University Hospital Heidelberg  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences 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