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The impression of sluggishness is based on an assumption that the body temperature that is regulated is a core temperature, whereas we concur with those who have concluded that what is regulated is an integrated temperature compiled from inputs from multiple body parts, including the skin. Negative feedback control is supplemented, though, by feedforward control, which is initiated by cues about the predicted magnitude and timing of the thermal challenge. Feedforward control is anticipatory because it can excite thermo\u2010effectors in advance of the thermal challenge impacting on body temperature.\u00a0Feedforward control is improved by learning but always is supervised by feedback control. There is disagreement about whether the pro\u2010active excitation of thermo\u2010effectors by temperature receptors in the skin occurs by fast feedback control or by feedforward control. We show that skin temperature receptors can provide physiologically meaningful negative feedback within seconds. Both the feedback and the feedforward regulation of integrated body temperature can be modulated by regulation of the temperature of body parts that have special thermoregulatory needs, notably the scrotum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T03:09:35Z","timestamp":1748833775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Revisiting Concepts of Thermal Physiology: Understanding Feedback and Feedforward Control, and Local Temperature Regulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Medical School  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Human Sciences University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane K.","family":"Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Medical School  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Human Sciences University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8985-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward P.","family":"Snelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Medical School  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria  Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1953-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn S.","family":"Hetem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Medical School  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6370-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology University of the Witwatersrand Medical School  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.70002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1216-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1256-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63912-7.00001-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.141.3581.643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2004.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1992.7.4.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(03)00139-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Physiological Controls and Regulations","author":"Hardy J. 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