{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:51:30Z","timestamp":1790905890999,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP200100435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200100435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR082533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR082533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Physiologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n \n The dystrophic mdx mouse is a widely used model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Altered Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n handling is a key feature, including increased Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n leak through the ryanodine receptor (RyR1's), the primary Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n release channel in skeletal muscle. Such leak has important downstream consequences for intracellular Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n homeostasis. Here, we quantified basal compartmentalized Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n levels in mdx muscle compared with wild\u2010type (WT).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Single extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers from WT and mdx mice were mechanically skinned. Transverse tubule Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n dynamics were assessed using confocal microscopy with fluorescent Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n indicators during caffeine\u2010induced RyR1\u2010mediated Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n release. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondrial Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n contents were quantified using established depletion protocols combined with force measurements.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Consistent with previous reports, mdx fibers exhibited increased RyR1 Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n leak. Absolute quantification revealed a reduction in SR Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n content accompanied by a ~4\u2010fold increase in mitochondrial Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n content. These shifts indicate a redistribution of intracellular Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n , triggered by the RyR1 Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n leak to lower SR Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n content and increase the Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n permeability of the t\u2010system membrane, leading to an elevation in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n levels in mdx muscle.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Redistribution of Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n is a regulated process, proportional to RyR1 Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n leak. In mdx muscle fibers, there is reduced SR and elevated mitochondrial and cytoplasmic Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n compared to WT fibers. These alterations contribute to the dystrophic muscle pathology, likely through promotion of oxidative stress through increased reactive oxygen species production.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.70251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:55:42Z","timestamp":1778817342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ryanodine Receptor Ca\n 2+<\/sup>\n Leak\u2010Induced Redistribution of Ca\n 2+<\/sup>\n in Dystrophic mdx Mouse Muscle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9673-3986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhayanna B.","family":"Gaglianone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 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