{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:04:15Z","timestamp":1790762655065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P 4344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 4344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iaap-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Psych Health &amp;amp; Well"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Discussions on what psychological resilience is, its operationalizations, and approaches to measuring it have occupied the scientific community for decades. This manuscript (1) provides an overview of psychometric methods used to assess resilience, including key characteristics, and (2) evaluates resilience scales through a preregistered, content\u2010analytical evaluation of items based on expert ratings. Items from 83 resilience scales were empirically categorized using a literature\u2010based framework with three main categories (resilience as\n                    <jats:italic>a process<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>traits<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>environmental factors<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 12 corresponding subcategories. Across all scales, 31.79% of items reflected resilience as a process, 51.95% reflected five\u2010factor model traits, and 16.26% reflected environmental factors. An additional analysis weighted results according to citation frequency, showing how operationalizations influence the current research practice: From this perspective, 60.17% of the items relate to process\u2010related content, 34.59% to trait\u2010related content, and 5.24% to environment\u2010related content. This weighting reflects the prevalence and influence of specific scales in the field. The inter\u2010rater agreement across four raters was \u03ba\u2009=\u2009.68. Overall, existing questionnaires predominantly cover trait\u2010based content, whereas widely used instruments tend to operationalize resilience as a dynamic process. We derive conceptually grounded recommendations for scale selection to improve clarity and comparability in future research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.70174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:34:48Z","timestamp":1782920088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reverse\u2010engineering psychological resilience: A review and quantitative evaluation of psychometric instruments used in resilience research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-2479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas G.","family":"Repnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0771-4543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolana","family":"Wagner\u2010Skacel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3267-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Jauk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Medical School Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/0033-3042\/a000627"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"A formal assessment of resilience: The Baruth protective factors inventory","volume":"58","author":"Baruth K. 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