{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:39:05Z","timestamp":1791182345582,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigate the antimicrobial activities of both <jats:italic>Eugenia caryophyllata<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>c) extract and its major component eugenol (4\u2010allyl\u20102\u2010methoxyphenol) against <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. The minimum inhibitory concentration (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content>) and minimum bactericidal concentration (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MBC<\/jats:styled-content>) were determined by microdilution method. Pneumococcal biofilms were detected by crystal\u2010violet microtiter plate assay, followed by colony\u2010forming unit counts and visualized by scanning electron microscope (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEM<\/jats:styled-content>). The synergistic effect of eugenol and penicillin was determined by checker\u2010board method. Both the eugenol and the Ec extract inhibited pneumococcal growth in a concentration\u2010dependent manner. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MBC<\/jats:styled-content> of eugenol were 0.06% and 0.12%, respectively. Eugenol at a concentration of 0.12% completely killed <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> within 60\u00a0min of exposure. The kill rate of planktonic cells was most rapid during the first 15\u00a0min of contact with eugenol. The addition of eugenol or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>c extract inhibited <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> biofilm formation. In already established biofilms, the inhibitory effect of eugenol or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>c extract was more significant in terms of cell viability than in terms of disruption of the biofilm matrix. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEM<\/jats:styled-content> analysis revealed non\u2010viable and disruptive action of eugenol on the cell membrane of bacteria of biofilms. It was found that eugenol and penicillin produced a synergistic effect against <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. In conclusion, eugenol and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>c extract efficiently inhibited <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in planktonic growth and within biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T10:31:27Z","timestamp":1366281087000},"page":"1198-1206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Antimicrobial activities of <i>Eugenia caryophyllata<\/i> extract and its major chemical constituent eugenol against <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Mukesh Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital Goyang Gyeonggi South 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