{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:07:25Z","timestamp":1791418045152,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]],"date-time":"2013-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyomavirus<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BK<\/jats:styled-content>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BKPyV<\/jats:styled-content>) infects most people subclinically during childhood and establishes a lifelong infection in the renourinary tract. In most immunocompetent individuals, the infection is completely asymptomatic, despite frequent episodes of viral reactivation with shedding into the urine. In immunocompromised patients, reactivation followed by high\u2010level viral replication can lead to severe disease: 1\u201310% of kidney transplant patients develop polyomavirus\u2010associated nephropathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyVAN<\/jats:styled-content>) and 5\u201315% of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients develop polyomavirus\u2010associated haemorrhagic cystitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyVHC<\/jats:styled-content>). Other conditions such as ureteric stenosis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, pneumonia and vasculopathy have also been associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BKPyV<\/jats:styled-content>infection in immunocompromised individuals. Although<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BKPyV<\/jats:styled-content>has been associated with cancer development, especially in the bladder, definitive evidence of a role in human malignancy is lacking. Diagnosis of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyVAN<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyVHC<\/jats:styled-content>is mainly achieved by quantitative<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>of urine and plasma, but also by cytology, immunohistology and electron microscopy. Despite more than 40\u00a0years of research on<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BKPyV<\/jats:styled-content>, there is still no effective antiviral therapy. The current treatment strategy for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyVAN<\/jats:styled-content>is to allow reconstitution of immune function by reducing or changing the immunosuppressive medication. For<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyVHC<\/jats:styled-content>, treatment is purely supportive. Here, we present a summary of the accrued knowledge regarding<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BKPyV<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]],"date-time":"2013-06-19T11:55:21Z","timestamp":1371642921000},"page":"728-745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["The human polyomavirus<scp>BK<\/scp>(<scp>BKP<\/scp>yV): virological background and clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Christine Hanssen","family":"Rinaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infection Control University Hospital of North Norway Troms\u00f8"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Troms\u00f8 Troms\u00f8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garth 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