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In this study, the minimal dose of<jats:italic>Shigella dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>1 1617 strain required to produce dysentery in four of five (80% attack rate) monkeys using an escalating dose range for three groups [2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>, 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>and 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>colony forming unit (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>)] was determined. In addition, the monkeys were re\u2010infected. The identified optimal challenge dose was 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>; this dose elicited 60% protection in monkeys when they were re\u2010challenged with a one log higher dose (2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>). The challenge dose, 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFU<\/jats:styled-content>, produced severe dysentery in all monkeys, with one monkey dying within 24\u00a0h, elicited 100% protection when re\u2010challenged with the same dose. All monkeys exhibited immune responses. This study concludes that the rhesus monkey model closely mimics the disease and immune response seen in humans and is a suitable animal model for the pre\u2010clinical evaluation of<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>vaccine candidates. Prior infection with the 1617 strain can protect monkeys against subsequent re\u2010challenges with homologous strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T11:31:38Z","timestamp":1379071898000},"page":"463-475","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of an intragastric challenge model for<i>Shigella dysenteriae<\/i>1 in rhesus monkeys (<i>Macaca mulatta<\/i>) for the pre\u2010clinical assessment of<i>Shigella<\/i>vaccine formulations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Dilara","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enteric Diseases Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nattaya","family":"Ruamsap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enteric Diseases Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patchariya","family":"Khantapura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enteric Diseases Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajchara","family":"Aksomboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enteric Diseases Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apichai","family":"Srijan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enteric Diseases Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boonchai","family":"Wongstitwilairoong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enteric Diseases Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ladaporn","family":"Bodhidatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enteric Diseases Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Montip","family":"Gettayacamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malabi M","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl J.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enteric Diseases Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2003.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0599"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"651","article-title":"Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies","volume":"77","author":"Kotloff KL","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.891","article-title":"Incidence, etiology, and impact of diarrhea among long\u2010term travelers (US military and similar populations): a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Riddle MS","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"WHO.The World Health report 1996: fighting disease fostering development. 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