{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:10:18Z","timestamp":1761581418034,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,22]],"date-time":"2016-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","award":["14.607.21.0065","RFMEFI60714X0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14.607.21.0065","RFMEFI60714X0065"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003443","name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of syphilis in the Tuva Republic (geographical centre of Asia), Russia has been exceedingly high historically. No detailed examinations and no molecular investigations of <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> strains transmitted in the Tuva Republic, or in general, in Russia, were published internationally. We examined the syphilis epidemiology in 1994\u20132013, and the molecular epidemiology and macrolide resistance in <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> strains in 2013\u20132014 in the Tuva Republic. Among 95 mainly primary or secondary syphilis patients, the <jats:italic>arp<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> tpr<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> tp0548<\/jats:italic> and 23S <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rRNA<\/jats:styled-content> genes in 85 <jats:italic>polA<\/jats:italic> gene\u2010positive genital ulcer specimens were characterized. The syphilis incidence in Tuva Republic peaked in 1998 (1562), however declined to 177 in 2013. Among the 70 (82%) completely genotyped specimens, six molecular strain types were found. Strain type 14d\/f accounted for 91%, but also 14c\/f, 14d\/g, 14b\/f, 14i\/f, 9d\/f, and 4d\/f were identified. Two (2.4%) specimens contained the 23S <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rRNA<\/jats:styled-content> A2058G macrolide resistance mutation. This is the first internationally published typing study regarding <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> in Russia, performed in the Tuva Republic with the highest syphilis incidence in Russia. The two molecular strain types 4d\/f and 9d\/f have previously been described only in Eastern and Northern China and for the first time, macrolide\u2010resistant syphilis was described in Russia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,22]],"date-time":"2016-04-22T21:51:50Z","timestamp":1461361910000},"page":"595-602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Syphilis epidemiology in 1994\u20132013, molecular epidemiological strain typing and determination of macrolide resistance in <i>Treponema pallidum<\/i> in 2013\u20132014 in Tuva Republic, Russia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Rafil","family":"Khairullin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University Kazan Russia"},{"name":"The State Research Center of Dermatology, Venereology and Cosmetology of The Russian Ministry of Health (SRCDVC) Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Vorobyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Research Center of Dermatology, Venereology and Cosmetology of The Russian Ministry of Health (SRCDVC) Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Obukhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuvan Republican Skin and Venereal Diseases Dispensary Tuva Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ural\u2010Herel","family":"Kuular","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuvan Republican Skin and Venereal Diseases Dispensary Tuva Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kubanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Research Center of Dermatology, Venereology and Cosmetology of The Russian Ministry of Health (SRCDVC) Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Kubanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Research Center of Dermatology, Venereology and Cosmetology of The Russian Ministry of Health (SRCDVC) Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Unemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology Faculty of Medicine and Health \u00d6rebro University \u00d6rebro Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Syphilis: a reemerging infection","volume":"86","author":"Mattei PL","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513427"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"The role of the laboratory in disease surveillance","volume":"2","author":"Kay BA","year":"1996","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655832"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181e1a77a","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of syphilis\u2010San Francisco, 2004\u20132007","volume":"37","author":"Katz KA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199809000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.806-807.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.1.1-12.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Syphilis incidence in Russian Federation in 2004\u20132013 [Zabolevaemost\u2019 sifilisom v Rossijskoj Federacii za period 2004\u20132013 gg]","volume":"5","author":"Kubanova AA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vestn Dermatol Venerol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"The main epidemological regularities of syphilis spreading in Tuva Republic [Osnovnye epidemiologicheskie zakonomernosti rasprostraneniya sifilisa v Respublike Tyva]","volume":"3","author":"Syrneva TA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Klinitceskaia Dermatologiia i Venerologiia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"KakorinaEP KubanovaAA GrechkoAV.Resources and activities of dermatovenerologic institutions. Incidence rate during 2002\u20132003 (Statistical report) [Resursy i deyatel'nost\u2019 kozhno\u2010venerologicheskikh uchrezhdeniy. Zabolevaemost\u2019 na 2002\u20142003 gody (Statisticheskie materialy)]. Moscow Russian Federation: Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; 2005. [In Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"KhalfinRA KubanovaAA MikhailovaYV.Resources and activities of dermatovenerologic institutions. Incidence rate during 2004\u20132005 (Statistical report) [Resursy i deyatel'nost\u2019 kozhno\u2010venero\u2010logicheskikh uchrezhdeniy. Zabolevaemost\u2019 za 2004\u20132005 gody (Statisticheskiye materiali)]. Moscow Russian Federation: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; 2006. [In Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"KhalfinRA KubanovaAA MikhailovaYV.Resources and activities of dermatovenerologic institutions. Incidence rate during 2005\u20132006 (Statistical report) [Resursy i deyatel'nost\u2019 kozhno\u2010venero\u2010logicheskikh uchrezhdeniy. Zabolevaemost\u2019 za 2005\u20132006 gody (Statisticheskiye materiali)]. Moscow Russian Federation: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; 2007. [In Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"StarodubovVI KubanovaAA.Resources and activities of dermatovenerologic institutions. Incidence rates during 2009\u20132010 (Statistical report) [Resursy i deyatel'nost\u2019 kozhno\u2010 venerologicheskikh uchrezhdeniy. Zabolevaemost\u2019 za 2009\u20132010 gg. (Statisticheskie materialy)]. Moscow Russian Federation: Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; 2011. [In Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"AlexandrovaGA KubanovaAA MelekhinaLE.Resources and activities of dermatovenerologic institutions. Report on the incidence of STI contagious skin disease and dermatitis (Statistical report) [Resursy i deyatel'nost\u2019 meditsinskikh organi \u2010 zatsiy dermato \u2014 venerologicheskogo profilya. Zabolevaemost\u2019 infektsiyami peredavaemymi po lovym pu tem zaraznymi kozhnymi boleznyami i boleznyami kozhi. (Statisticheskie materialy)]. Moscow Russian Federation: Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; The State Research Center of Dermatology Venereology and Cosmetology of The Russian Ministry of Health (SRCDVC); 2012. [In Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"AlexandrovaGA KubanovaAA MelekhinaLE.Resources and activities of dermatovenerologic institutions. Report on the incidence of STI contagious skin disease and dermatitis (Statistical report) [Resursy i deyatel'nost\u2019 meditsinskikh organi \u2010 zatsiy dermato \u2014 venerologicheskogo profilya. Zabolevaemost\u2019 infektsiyami peredavaemymi po lovym pu tem zaraznymi kozhnymi boleznyami i boleznyami kozhi. (Statisticheskie materialy)]. Moscow Russian Federation: Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; The State Research Center of Dermatology Venereology and Cosmetology of The Russian Ministry of Health (SRCDVC); 2014. [In Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70029-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462991913240"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"SkvortsovaVI StarodubovVI KubanovaAA.Incidence rates resources and activities of dermatovenerologic institutions during 2008\u20132009(Statistical report) [Zabolevaemost\u2019 resursy i deyatel'nost\u2019 kozhno\u2010 venerologicheskikh uchrezhdeniy (2008\u20132009 gg.) (Statisticheskie materialy)]. Moscow Russian Federation: Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; The State Research Center of Dermatology Venereology and Cosmetology of The Russian Ministry of Health (SRCDVC); 2010. [In Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"KrivonosOV MikhailovaLA MikhailovaYV.Incidence rates resources and activities of dermatovenerologic institutions in 2008 (Statistical report)[Zabolevaemost\u2019 resursy i deyatel'nost\u2019 kozh\u2010 no\u2010venerologicheskikh uchrezhdeniy v 2008 godu. (Statisticheskie materialy)]. Moscow Russian Federation: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Department of Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; 2009. [In Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"Expert Counsil of the Russian Society of Dermatovenereologists and Cosmetologists: Federal clinical recommendations on the management of patients with sexually transmitted infections and urogenital infections. Moscow Russia. 2013. Available at:http:\/\/www.cnikvi.ru\/docs\/clinic_recs\/infektsii-peredavaemye-polovym-putem\/sifilis.docx(Accessed: February 13 2016). [In Russian])."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. (Approval of the Protocol for the management of patients with Syphilis). 25.07.2003 No. 327. Moscow Russia. 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"European Union and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).2.41. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum). Decisions commission implementing decision of 8 August 2012 amending Decision 2002\/253\/EC laying down case definitions for reporting communicable diseases to the Community network under Decision No 2119\/98\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Available at:http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32012D0506&qid=1428573336660&from=EN#page=32(Accessed: February 13 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1941-1946.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001928"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","unstructured":"ProkhorenkovVI ObukhovAP ChidaranCN BeketovAM KarachevaYV GomonenkoEM.Syphilis in Central Asia (historical and epidemilogical background)[Syphilis v Centralnoy Asii (voprosi istorii i epidemiologii)]. Krasnoyarsk: OOO ID Class plus; 2011. 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