{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:17:13Z","timestamp":1784809033168,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is no effective vaccine for the prevention and elimination of leishmaniasis. For this reason, we assessed the protective effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> vaccines containing Le<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> TSA<\/jats:styled-content> genes alone, or Le<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSA<\/jats:styled-content> fusion against cutaneous leishmaniasis pEGFP\u2010N1 plasmid (empty vector) and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were used as control groups. Therefore, cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated before and after the challenge with <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>. Lesion diameter was also measured 3\u201312\u00a0weeks after challenge. All immunized mice with plasmid <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> encoding <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> antigens induced the partial immunity characterized by increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 and IgG2a levels compared with control groups (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Furthermore, the immunized mice showed significant reduction in mean lesion sizes compared with mice in empty vector and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBS<\/jats:styled-content> groups (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The reduction in lesion diameter was 29.3%, 34.1%, and 46.2% less in groups vaccinated with Le<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> TSA<\/jats:styled-content>, and Le<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSA<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively, than in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBS<\/jats:styled-content> group at 12th week post infection. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 and IgG2a\/IgG1 ratios indicated that group receiving Le<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSA<\/jats:styled-content> fusion had the highest <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 and IgG2a levels. In this study, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> immunization promoted Th1 immune response characterized by higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 and IgG2a levels and also reduction in lesion size. These results showed that a bivalent vaccine containing two distinct antigens may induce more potent immune responses against leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T13:01:51Z","timestamp":1487941311000},"page":"249-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent DNA vaccine containing LeIF and TSA genes against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Nahid","family":"Maspi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghaffarifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology Faculty of Medical Sciences 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