{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:39:59Z","timestamp":1792669199350,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> biofilm lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients is the best described biofilm infection in medicine. The initial focus can be the paranasal sinuses and then follows repeated colonization and infection of the lungs by aspiration. The matrix of the biofilms is dominated by alginate and the pathogenesis of tissue damage is immune complex\u2010mediated chronic inflammation dominated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their products (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>, oxygen radicals and proteases). The <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> biofilm infection can be diagnosed by microscopy of lung tissue, sputum and mucus from the paranasal sinuses, where aggregates of the bacteria are found surrounded by the abundant alginate matrix. Specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FISH<\/jats:styled-content> probes can be used to identify <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and other pathogens <jats:italic>in\u00a0situ<\/jats:italic> in the biofilms. Growth of mucoid colonies from the locations mentioned above is also diagnostic for biofilm infection. Rise of specific anti\u2010<jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> antibodies is likewise diagnostic, IgG in serum in case of lung infection, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sIgA<\/jats:styled-content> in saliva or nasal secretions in case of paranasal sinus infection. Similar approaches have been developed to diagnose chronic biofilm infections in cystic fibrosis caused by other pathogens e.g., <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia multivorans, Achromobacter xylosoxidans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mycobacterium abscessus<\/jats:italic> complex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,16]],"date-time":"2017-04-16T13:52:27Z","timestamp":1492350747000},"page":"339-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Diagnosis of biofilm infections in cystic fibrosis patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Niels","family":"H\u00f8iby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center Institute for Immunology and Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bjarnsholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center Institute for Immunology and Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter \u00d8strup","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center Institute for Immunology and Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Kolpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center Institute for Immunology and Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tavs","family":"Qvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Cystic Fibrosis Centre University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasper","family":"Aan\u00e6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinology Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Pressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Cystic Fibrosis Centre University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Cystic Fibrosis Centre University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Ciofu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center Institute for Immunology and Microbiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00057003"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255825"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in cystic fibrosis. 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