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Blood samples of 30 children, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVID<\/jats:styled-content> (n = 9), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UH<\/jats:styled-content> (n = 9), healthy donors <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content> (n = 12), and 19 adults (parents and controls) were labeled by a combination of surface markers to identify <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8 T\u2010cell and B\u2010cell subpopulations. T\u2010cell cytokine production in children was analyzed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHA<\/jats:styled-content>) and tetanus toxoid. We observed low percentages of switched memory B cells in children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVID<\/jats:styled-content>, increase in total <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell counts, and high percentages of transitional B cells only in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UH<\/jats:styled-content> group. Analysis of T\u2010cell immunity showed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVID<\/jats:styled-content> children had decreased percentages of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3\u2010producing cells after stimulation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHA<\/jats:styled-content> and tetanus toxoid. Parent of children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVID<\/jats:styled-content> had low percentages of naive B cell and increased percentages of memory B cells in comparison with controls. These results suggest that (i) early combined immune defect in children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVID<\/jats:styled-content> and (ii) a possible familial B\u2010cell disturbance in pediatric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVID<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T07:25:14Z","timestamp":1505892314000},"page":"902-909","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hypogammaglobulinemia in children: a warning sign to look deeply?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Karina Mescouto","family":"de Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2010UNIFESP S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"de Moraes\u2010Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2010UNIFESP S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds E. 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