{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:53:38Z","timestamp":1790380418564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP15K09561 and JP16H05225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP15K09561 and JP16H05225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Obligate intracellular bacterium <jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> causes respiratory tract infections such as community\u2010acquired pneumonia. During infection, <jats:italic>C.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> induces inflammatory responses in host cells and the oxygen concentration at the infection sites subsequently decreases. Because hypoxic conditions influence further inflammatory responses and reduced antibacterial effects, this may exacerbate the <jats:italic>C.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection. Here, we show inflammatory responses and drug sensitivity in <jats:italic>C.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected cells under hypoxic conditions. First, we confirmed the enhanced growth of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> under hypoxia, which indicates that the hypoxic condition we used could adequately reproduce past reports. We then demonstrated a significant increase in production of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 8 (IL\u20108) in <jats:italic>C.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected cells under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, hypoxia decreased the antibacterial effects of azithromycin against <jats:italic>C.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> compared with normoxic conditions. Together, our data suggest that inflammatory responses and drug sensitivity may have been underestimated in <jats:italic>C.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection in previous studies. Thus, to accurately understand the <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infection, it may be necessary to perform <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments under hypoxic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T05:12:43Z","timestamp":1549948363000},"page":"131-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/i> enhances Interleukin 8 (IL\u20108) production with reduced azithromycin sensitivity under hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Junji","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science Faculty of Health Sciences Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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