{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T01:34:27Z","timestamp":1784252067842,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81271781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81271781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>. However, understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> is still elusive due to the limited number of genetic tools available for this microorganism. Currently, the reason for the genetic inaccessibility of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> is still unknown. It is well known that as an acquired immunity of bacteria, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat\u2010CRISPR\u2010associated gene (CRISPR\u2010Cas) systems can help bacteria against invading mobile genetic elements. In this study, the occurrence and diversity of CRISPR\u2010Cas systems in 41 genomes of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> strains were investigated. Three subtypes (subtype I\u2010B, subtype I\u2010C and subtype I\u2010E) of CRISPR\u2010Cas systems were identified in both pathogenic and intermediate <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> species but not in saprophytic species. Noteworthy, the majority of pathogenic species harbor two different types of CRISPR\u2010Cas systems (subtype I\u2010B and subtype I\u2010E). Furthermore, Cas2 protein of subtype I\u2010C in <jats:italic>L.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic> exhibited a metal\u2010dependent DNase activity in a nonspecific manner. CRISPR spacers in subtype I\u2010B are highly conserved within the same serovars and hypervariable across different serovars of <jats:italic>L.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic>. Based on the subtype I\u2010B CRISPR arrays, the serotypes of different <jats:italic>L.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic> strains were easily identified. Investigation of the origin of CRISPR spacers showed that 192 spacers (23.5%) matched to mobile genetic elements, indicating CRISPR\u2010Cas systems may play an important role in the defense of foreign invading DNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T18:06:16Z","timestamp":1553537176000},"page":"202-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Characterization of CRISPR\u2010Cas systems in <i>Leptospira<\/i> reveals potential application of CRISPR in genotyping of <i>Leptospira interrogans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Guohui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Shenzhen Third People's Hospital Second 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