{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T20:59:22Z","timestamp":1694465962963},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]],"date-time":"2019-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Helse Nord RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The global spread of antimicrobial resistance and the increasing number of immune\u2010compromised patients are major challenges in modern medicine. Targeting bacterial virulence or the human host immune system to increase host defence are important strategies in the search for novel antimicrobial drugs. We investigated the inflammatory response of the synthetic short antimicrobial peptide <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTX<\/jats:styled-content>21 in two model systems: a human whole blood <jats:italic>ex\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> model and a murine <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> peritoneum model \u2013 both reflecting early innate immune response. In the whole blood model, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTX<\/jats:styled-content>21 increased the secretion of a range of different cytokines, decreased the level of tumour necrosis factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>) and activated the complement system. In a haemolysis assay, we found 2.5% haemolysis at a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTX<\/jats:styled-content>21 concentration of 500\u00a0mg\/L. In the murine model, increased influx of white blood cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WBC<\/jats:styled-content>s) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMN<\/jats:styled-content>s) in the murine peritoneal cavity was observed after treatment with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTX<\/jats:styled-content>21. In addition, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTX<\/jats:styled-content>21 increased monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101). In conclusion, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTX<\/jats:styled-content>21 affected the inflammatory response; the increase in cytokine secretion, complement activation and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WBC<\/jats:styled-content> influx indicates an activated inflammatory response. The present results indicate the impact of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTX<\/jats:styled-content>21 on the host\u2013pathogen interplay. Whether this will also affect the course of infection has to be investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:12:45Z","timestamp":1553731965000},"page":"475-483","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The synthetic antimicrobial peptide <scp>LTX<\/scp>21 induces inflammatory responses in a human whole blood model and a murine peritoneum model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Hildegunn Norbakken","family":"Granslo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Research Group Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences UiT The Arctic University of Norway Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University Hospital of North Norway Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth G.","family":"Aarag 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