{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:22:45Z","timestamp":1788355365805,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic immune activation and inflammation are constant findings in people living with HIV (PLWH) and contribute to the risk of non\u2010AIDS\u2010related morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is also characterized by immune activation and inflammation. We aimed to investigate the impact of concurrent HIV infection and T2D on T\u2010cell subsets. The study included PLWH with T2D (HIV+T2D+, N\u00a0=\u00a025) and without T2D (HIV+T2D\u2212, N\u00a0=\u00a025) and HIV\u2010negative controls with T2D (HIV\u2212T2D+, N\u00a0=\u00a022) and without T2D (HIV\u2212T2D\u2212, N\u00a0=\u00a028). All PLWH in the study were receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. We examined T\u2010cell homeostasis by determining T\u2010cell subsets (immune maturation, immune regulation and immune activation) using flow cytometry. HIV+T2D\u2212 had lower proportion of Tc17 cells and higher proportion of apoptotic cells than HIV\u2212T2D\u2212. When comparing HIV+T2D+ and HIV+T2D\u2212 a lower proportion of CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (RTE) was found (p\u00a0=\u00a00.028). Furthermore, HIV+T2D+ had a higher proportion of non\u2010suppressive CD4+ Tregs compared to HIV+T2D\u2212 (p\u00a0=\u00a00.010). In conclusion, even in the setting of treated HIV infection, distinct immunological alterations are found. In PLWH with concomitant T2D, most alterations in T\u2010cell subsets were related to HIV and only few differences were found between PLWH with and without diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T12:26:58Z","timestamp":1556108818000},"page":"529-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The impact of concurrent HIV and type II diabetes on immune maturation, immune regulation and immune activation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Jeanette Linnea","family":"Tingstedt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viro\u2010Immunology Research Unit Department of Infectious Diseases Rigshospitalet University Hospital of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Virus Research and Development Laboratory Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen 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