{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T16:02:59Z","timestamp":1773849779143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis C is a global public health problem, and Pakistan is the second largest country in the globe with highest prevalence rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Until 2014, pegylated interferon (PEG\u2010IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) has been the standard therapy for HCV, however, owing to its adverse side effects and very low sustained virologic response (SVR) rates therapeutics trend is shifted toward direct\u2010acting antivirals. Tripartite motif containing 22 (<jats:italic>TRIM22<\/jats:italic>) is a dynamic antiviral protein that can inhibit multiple viruses <jats:italic>in vivo.<\/jats:italic> Expression of TRIM22 mRNA has been linked to outcome of PEG\u2010IFN and ribavirin therapy, where its higher expression leads to rapid virus clearance. However, in terms of therapy with direct\u2010acting antiviral (DAA) or double DAA, impact of <jats:italic>TRIM22<\/jats:italic> expression is largely unknown. These new drugs show more than 90% of SVR rates and lesser side effects and have proven to be better than IFN therapy. Endogenous IFN system suppresses various pathogens through the induction of antiviral effectors termed as interferon\u2010stimulating genes (ISGs). We have studied the expression levels of one of these antiviral effectors, <jats:italic>TRIM22<\/jats:italic> in response to sofosbuvir (SOF) and daclatasvir (DAC) in combination with RBV, using quantitative PCR in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HCV\u2010infected patients. We have observed sustained virus clearance in more than 90% of patients treated with DAA and double DAA and have seen the expression of <jats:italic>TRIM22<\/jats:italic> to be higher in patients who attained SVR as compared to the untreated patients. We have also observed downregulation of <jats:italic>TRIM22<\/jats:italic> in patients who failed to attain rapid virus clearance, and upregulation in those who achieved rapid clearance of virus. Genetic factors that determine the lower <jats:italic>TRIM22<\/jats:italic> expression in these patients are needed to be explored that may also play a role in lower response to anti\u2010HCV therapy. Endogenous IFN system and effects of antiviral proteins in response to DAA therapy is needed to be studied in order to better understand the host response toward these drugs to make them more effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T06:40:46Z","timestamp":1576910446000},"page":"326-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Expression of TRIM22 mRNA in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with direct\u2010acting antiviral drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Mariam","family":"Naveed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB) University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics Hazara University 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